chapt4

4.0.1.1 Samples shall be collected from the least to the most contaminated sampling locations within a site.

4.0.1.2 Unless field conditions justify other sampling regimens, samples shall be collected in the following order:

b. Extractable Organics [includes Total Recoverable Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TRPH), Oil & Grease, Pesticides and Herbicides]

4.0.2.1 Gloves serve a dual purpose: 1) protects the sample collector from potential exposure to sample constituents; and 2) minimizes accidental contamination of samples by the collector.

The Department recommends wearing protective gloves when conducting all sampling protocols, however, their use is not mandatory if:

b. The samples will not be analyzed for trace (i.e. part per billion level) constituents.

If worn, do not let gloves come into contact with the sample, the interior of the container or lip of the sample container.

The Department recommends the use of new, disposable, unpowdered latex gloves which should be changed and discarded after every sampling point. Other types of gloves may be used as long as the construction materials do not contaminate the sample or if internal safety protocols require greater protection.

Note that certain materials (as might be potentially present in concentrated effluent) may pass through certain glove types and be absorbed in the skin. There are permeability tables for differing types of gloves that might be advisable in certain situations.

When collecting aqueous samples the sample collection equipment and non-preserved containers shall be rinsed with sample water before the actual sample is taken.

1. Oil & Grease or TRPH - Neither the equipment (if used) nor the container shall be rinsed;

1. All dedicated equipment (except dedicated pump systems or dedicated drop pipes) must be stored in a non-contaminating environment.

2. If possible, equipment should be stored in an area that is located away from the sampling site. If equipment must be stored in monitor wells, the equipment shall be suspended above the formation water. In addition, the monitor well shall be securely sealed to prevent tampering between sampling events and the equipment shall be decontaminated prior to use following protocols outlined in Section 4.1.4.

1. All fuel-powered equipment activities must be placed away from and downwind of any site activities (e.g. purging, sampling, decontamination). If field conditions preclude such placement, (i.e. the wind is from the upstream direction in a boat), the sampling activities shall be conducted as far away as possible from the fuel source(s) and the field notes must describe the conditions.

2. If possible, fuel handling (i.e. filling vehicles and equipment) should be done prior to the sampling day. If such activities must be performed during sampling, the personnel must wear disposable gloves. All fuel dispensing activities and glove disposal shall occur downwind and well away from the sampling activities.

3. If sampling at active gas stations, sample collection activities should be stopped during fuel deliveries.

1. The DER Sampling SOP contains text descriptions or approved references for all applicable sample matrices.

2. All equipment construction configurations shall follow Table 4.1 and Figures 4.1 and 4.2.

3. All sampling references MUST be available in the field for reference and consultation.

1. All samples shall be preserved according to the requirements specified in Tables 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5.

a. Based on directives from EPA, the holding times listed in the above-referenced tables SUPERSEDE any that might be discussed in individual analytical methods.

b. The holding times and preservation protocols specified by the tables listed above SHALL BE FOLLOWED.

2. The preservation protocols in the referenced tables specify immediate preservation. EPA has defined "immediate" as "within 15 minutes of sample collection". This definition shall be followed for all sample preservation. Therefore, DER recommends that the sampling team perform all preservation in the field.

3. 24-hour composite water samples are the exception to the "15-minute" criteria discussed above (see 4.2.4.6.b.5).

	EQUIPMENT	CONSTRUCTION		USE	PERMISSIBLE PARAMETER GROUPS	RESTRICTIONS AND PRECAUTIONS[1]
		HOUSING[2]	TUBING
	WATER SAMPLING
	Groundwater


1	Positive Displacement Pumps
	a. Submersible[3]	SS, Teflon	SS, Teflon	Purging	All parameter groups	a,b; in-line check valve required
	(turbine, helical rotor, gear driven			Sampling	All parameter groups (excluding VOCs)	a,b; in-line check valve required

		SS, Teflon	Non-inert[4]	Purging	All parameter groups	a,b; in-line check valve required; polishing required[5]
				Sampling	Demands, Nutrients, Metals, Radiochemistry	none tubing non-metallic if not SS

		Non-inert	Non-inert⁴	Purging	All parameter groups	a,b; in-line check valve required; polishing required
				Sampling	Demands, Nutrients, Metals, Radiochemistry	none tubing non-,metallic if not SS

	b. Bladder Pump (no gas contact)	SS, Teflon	SS, Teflon	Purging	All parameter groups	a,b
				Sampling	All parameter groups	a,b; bladder must be Teflon is sampling for organics

		SS, Teflon	Non-Inert⁴	Purging	All parameter groups	a,b; polishing required; this configuration not recommended
				Sampling	Demands, Nutrients Metals, Radiochemistry	none tubing non-metallic if not SS

		Non-inert⁴	Non-inert⁴	Purging	All parameter groups	a,b; polishing required
				Sampling	Demands, Nutrients Metals, Radiochemistry	None housing & tubing non-metallic if not SS


	EQUIPMENT	CONSTRUCTION		USE	PERMISSIBLE PARAMETER GROUPS	RESTRICTIONS AND PRECAUTIONS[6]
		HOUSING	TUBING
	WATER SAMPLING
	Groundwater
	Pumps, cont.


2.	Suction Lift Pumps
	a. Centrifugal	N/A	SS, Teflon	Purging	All parameter groups	b; foot-valve required

		N/A	Non-inert[7]	Purging	All parameter groups	b; foot-valve required; polishing required

	b. Peristaltic	N/A	SS/Teflon	Purging	All parameter groups	b; foot-valve or continuous pumping required
				Sampling	Demands, Nutrients Metals, Radiochemistry Extractable organics	none b; medical grade silicone tubing in pump head b; configured as specified in Figure 4.10 of Manual

		N/A	Non-inert⁷	Purging	All parameter groups	b; polishing required
				Sampling	Demands, Nutrients Metals, Radiochemistry	none b; medical grade silicone tubing in pump head

	c. Pitcher, Hand (above ground)	N/A	SS/Teflon	Purging	All parameter groups	b; must use foot-valve

			Non-inert⁷	Purging	All parameter groups	b; must use foot-valve; polishing required
	d. Pitcher, Hand (submersible) (e.g., B-K pump)	Non-inert⁷	N/A	Purging	All parameter groups	a; polishing required


	Bailers	SS, Teflon		Purging	All parameter groups	none; not recommended
				Sampling	All parameter groups	none

		Non-inert⁷		Purging	Demands, Nutrients Metals, Radiochemistry	none; not recommended must be nonmetallic if not SS
				Sampling	Demands, Nutrients Metals, Radiochemistry	none must be nometallic if not SS

	EQUIPMENT	CONSTRUCTION	USE	PERMISSIBLE PARAMETER GROUPS	RESTRICTIONS AND PRECAUTIONS[8]
	WATER SAMPLING

	Surface Water

1	Nansen, Kemmerer, Vandorn (or equivalent)	SS, Teflon or Teflon-Coated	Specific Depth Grab Sampling	All parameter groups	none

2	DO Dunker	SS, Teflon or Glass	Water Column Composite Sampling	All parameter groups	none

3	Bailers	SS, Teflon	Grab Sampling	All parameter groups	none

		Non-inert[9]	Grab Sampling	Demands, Nutrients Metals, Radiochemistry	none must be nometallic if not SS

	Field Filtration Units	N/A	Dissolved constituents	Demand, Nutrients Metals in groundwater and static wastewater and surface water	must use a 0.45 mm filter See Figure 4.11 in Manual; no intermediate vessels; positive pressure HDPE & Teflon bailers acceptable

			Dissolved constituents	Metals in moving surface water (ie, river/stream)	must use positive pressure device, but an intermediate vessel may be used

	SOLID SAMPLING
	Sediments/Soils

1	Core Barrel (or liner)	SS, Teflon, Glass, Teflon-coated, Aluminum	Sampling	All parameter groups	c,d,e

		Non-inert⁹	Sampling	Demands, Nutrients Metals, Radiochemisty	none d

	EQUIPMENT	CONSTRUCTION	USE	PERMISSIBLE PARAMETER GROUPS	RESTRICTIONS AND PRECAUTIONS[10]
	SOLID SAMPLING, cont.


2	Trowel, Scoop, Spoon or Spatula	SS, Teflon or Teflon-coated	Sampling	All parameter groups
			Compositing	All parameter groups except VOCs	VOC samples may not be taken from composite samples

			Sampling and Compositing	Demands, Nutrients Metals, Radiochemistry	none must be nonmetallic if not SS
3	Mixing Tray (pan)	SS, Teflon, Glass, Teflon Coated or Aluminum	Sampling	All parameters groups	e
			Compositing or homogenizing	All parameter groups except VOCs	e

		Non-inert[11]	Compositing or homogenizing	Demands, Nutrients Metals, Radiochemistry	none e; must be nonmetallic if not SS

4	Shove, Hand auger, Bucket Auger	SS	Sampling	All parameter groups	none

		Non-SS	Sampling	Demands, Nutrients	none

5	Split spoon	SS or carbon steel w/ teflon insert	Sampling	All parameter groups	c,d

6	Shelby tube	SS	Sampling	All parameter groups	c

		Carbon steel	Sampling	All parameter groups	c,d; samples for VOC and Metals must be taken from the interior of the core sample

Key to Restrictions/Precautions

a. If used as a non-dedicated system, pump must be completely disassembled, if practical, and cleaned between wells.

b. Delivery tubing must be precleaned and precut at the base of operations or laboratory. If the same tubing is used during the sampling event, it must be cleaned and decontaminated between use.

Key to Restrictions/Precautions, cont.

c. If samples are sealed in the liner for transport to the laboratory, the sample for VOC analysis must be taken from the interior part of the core.

d. Liners must be constructed of stainless steel or a suitable non-metallic material. If a metallic (carbon steel, aluminum) liner is used with the core barrel, the samples for metals shall be taken from the interior part of the core sample.

e. Aluminum foil, trays or liners may be used only if aluminum is not an analyte of interest.

Acronyms:

N/A not applicable

SS stainless steel

HDPE high density polyethylene

PVC polyvinyl chloride

VOC volatile organic compound

[1] Restrictions/precautions listed on the last page of this chart.

[2] This category refers to tubing and pump housings/internal parts that are in contact with purged or sampled water.

[3] Submersible pumps may be used for purging or sampling only if no other pumping device is available, since lines (power cords, gas pressure tubing) may not be (practically) constructed of inert materials.

[4] “Non-inert” pertains to materials which are reactive (adsorb, absorb, etc.) to the analytes being sampled. Materials include: polyethylene, PVC, and other plastics if organics are of interest and metallic equipment (brass, galvanized, and carbon steel, etc.) if trace metals are of interest.

[5] “Polishing”: When purging for organics, the entire length of tubing or portion of which comes in contact with the formation water should be constructed of teflon or stainless steel. If other materials (i.e., PVC< HDPE, or polypropylene) are used, the following protocols must be followed: 1) contact with formation waters is minimized by slowly withdrawing the pump from the water column during the last phase of purging, thus removing from the well any water which may have contacted the exterior of the pump and/or tubing; 2) a single well volume must be removed with the sampling device before sampling begins. Tygon™ must never be used for purging when organics are of interest. NOTE: the use of non-inert (i.e. pvc, hdpe, etc.) is not recommended.

[6] Restrictions/precautions listed on the last page of this chart.

[7] “Non-inert” pertains to materials which are reactive (adsorb, absorb, etc.) to the analytes being sampled. Materials include: polyethylene, PVC, and other plastics if organics are of interest and metallic equipment (brass, galvanized, and carbon steel, etc.) if trace metals are of interest.

[8] Restrictions/precautions listed on the last page of this chart.

[9] “Non-inert” pertains to materials which are reactive (adsorb, absorb, etc.) to the analytes being sampled. Materials include: polyethylene, PVC, and other plastics if organics are of interest and metallic equipment (brass, galvanized, and carbon steel, etc.) if trace metals are of interest.

[10] Restrictions/precautions listed on the last page of this chart.

[11] “Non-inert” pertains to materials which are reactive (adsorb, absorb, etc.) to the analytes being sampled. Materials include: polyethylene, PVC, and other plastics if organics are of interest and metallic equipment (brass, galvanized, and carbon steel, etc.) if trace metals are of interest.